عثمان
بن
عفان
ثالث
الخلفاء
الراشدين
^Uthman
Ibn ^Affan: the Third Rightly Guided Caliph
Died (35H)
الحمد
لله
ربِّ
العالمين،
والصلاة
والسلام
على
سيدنا
محمد
النبيِّ
الأمين،
وعلى
ءال
بيته
الطيبين
الطاهرين،
وأصحابه
الغر
الميامين،
لا
سيما
الخلفاء
الراشدين
المهديين،
ومن
اقتفى
ءاثارهم
إلى
يوم
الدين.
قال
الله
تبارك
وتعالى:
﴿
مِنَ
اُلمؤمِِنينَ
رِجَالٌ
صَدَُقوْا
مَا
عَاهَدوُْا
اللهَ
عَلَيهِ
َفمِنهُم
مَنْ
َقضَى
.
نَحْبَهُ
وَمِنهُم
مَّنْ
يَنتَظِرُ
وَمَا
بَدَّلُوْا
تَبدِيلا﴾
الأحزاب/
٢٣
لقد
جعل
الله
عَزَّ
وَجَلَّ
في
ُامة
سيدنا
محمد
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
رجا
ً
لا
يدافعون
عن
الدِّين
ويذودون
عنه
بصدق
وإخلاص
وقيَّضَهُمْ
لرفع
راية
الإسلام،
ومن
هؤلاء
الأئمة
الأعلام
وشموس
الإسلام
الخليفة
الراشد
شهيد
الدار
سيدنا
عثمان
بن
عفان
رضي
الله
عنه
وأرضاه.
Praise be
to Allah and may Allah increase the honor and raise the rank of
our Master Muhammad sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam. Allah tabaraka
wa ta^ala said in the Qur’an:
﴿
مِنَ
اُلمؤمِِنينَ
رِجَالٌ
صَدَُقوْا
مَا
عَاهَدوُْا
اللهَ
عَلَيهِ
َفمِنهُم
مَنْ
َقضَى
نَحْبَهُ
وَمِنهُم
مَّنْ
يَنتَظِرُ
وَمَا
بَدَّلوْا
تَبدِيلا﴾
Verse 23
of Surat-ul-Ahzab means: “There
are men among the
believers,
who were honest in the oath they made to Allah, some have died
and some are still waiting to follow the same path, and they
never changed their oath.”
Allah the Exalted has made some men in the nation of Muhammad
sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam defenders of Islam, they defended
it truthfully and sincerely. Allah predestined that they will
carry the flag of Islam; among those highly ranked imams is the
pious and just Caliph, who was martyred at his own residence our
Master ^Uthman Ibn ^Affan; may Allah raise his rank.
من
هو
ثالث
الخلفاء
الراشدين:
هو
أبو
عبد
الله
بن
أبي
العاص
بن
أمية
بن
عبد
شمس
بن
عبد
مناف
بن
قصي
القرشي، وأمه
أروى
بنتُ
ُ
كرَيْز
بن
ربيعة
بن
حبيب
بن
عبد
شمس
بن
عبد
مناف.
ولد
بالطائف
بعد
الفيل
بست
سنين،
دخل
في
الإسلام
على
يد
أبي
بكر
الصديق
رضي
الله عنهما
وعمره
حينئذ
تسع
وثلاثون
سنة،
وكان
هذا
قبل
دخول
الرسول
صلى
الله
عليه وسلم
دار
الأرقم،
فسيدنا
عثمان
رضي
الله
عنه
من
السابقين
الأولين
الذين
ذكرهم
الله
تعالى في
القرءان
بقوله
:(
وَالسَّاِبُقون
الأَوَُّلون
مِنَ
اْلمُهَاجرينَ
وَالأَنصَار
وَالَّذِينَ
اتَّبَعُوهُم
ِبِإحْسَانٍ رَّضِيَ
اللهُ
عَنْهُمْ
وَرَضُوْا
عَنْهُ
وََأعَدَّ
َلهُمْ
جَنَّاتٍ
تَجْ
ِ
ري
تَحْتَهَا
الأَنْهَارُ
خَالِدِينَ
فِيهَآ
َأبَدًا
َ
ذلِكَ.
اْلَفوْزُ
الْعَظِيمُ)
سورة
التوبة(
/
100
He is Abu
^Abdillah, the son of Abil-^As, the son of Ummayah,
the son of ^Abdi Shams, the son of ^Abdu Manaf. His
mother is Arwa the daughter of Kurayz,
the son of Rabi^ah, the son of Habib,
the son of ^Abdi Shams, the son of ^Abdi Manaf.
He was born in at-Ta’if six years after the Year of The
Elephant.
He embraced Islam by the
call of Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, may Allah
raise his rank; his age was then thirty-nine years. This
happened before the Prophet sallallahu
^alayhi wa sallam entered the
residence of al-Arqam (Darularqam). So our Master ^Uthman may
Allah raise his rank was among the first ones who
embraced Islam and supported the
Prophet, and whom Allah praised in the Qur’an:
وَالسَّاِبُقون
الأَوَُّلون
مِنَ
اْلمُهَاجرينَ
وَالأَنصَار
وَالَّذِينَ
اتَّبَعُوهُم
ِبإِحْسَانٍ
رَّضِيَ
اللهُ
عَنْهُمْ وَرَضُوْا
عَنْهُ
وََأعَدَّ
َلهُمْ
جَنَّاتٍ
تَجْري
تَحْتَهَا
الأَنْهَارُ
خَالِدِينَ
فِيهَآ
َأبَدًا
َ
ذلِكَ
اْلَفوْزُ الْعَظِيمُ.
وهو
أحد
العشرة
المبشرين
بالجنة
الذين
ذكرهم
النبي
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
في حديث
واحد
وفي
سياق
واحد:
"
أبو
بكر
في
الجنة،
وعمر
في
الجنة،
وعلي
في
الجنة، وعثمان
في
الجنة،
وطلحة
في
الجنة،
والزبير
في
الجنة،
وعبد
الرحمن
بن
عوف
في
الجنة، وسعد
بن
أبي
وقاص
في
الجنة،
وسعيد
بن
زيد
في
الجنة،
وأبو
عبيدة
بن
الجراح
في الجنة".
رواه
الإمام
أحمد
في
مسنده.
He was one
of the ten, whom the Prophet sallallahu ^alayhi wa
sallam passed them the good news that they will in
Paradise in one hadith. This hadith
was narrated by Imam Ahmad in his
musand, the ten mentioned in the hadith are:
“Abu Bakr, ^Umar, ^Aliyy,
^Uthman, Talhah, az-Zubayr,
^Abdur-Rahman the son of ^Awf, Sa^d the
son of Abi Waqqas, Sa^id the son of
Zayd, Abu ^Ubaydah aj-Jarrah.”
وكان
رضي
الله
عنه
أول
من
هاجر
بأهله،
وقد
هاجر
الهجرتين،
الأولى
إلى الحبشة
والثانية
إلى
المدينة
المنورة،
وهو
أول
من
َ
طيَّبَ
المسجد،
وأول
من
زاد
أذانًا
ثانيًا يوم
الجمعة،
وأول
من
أعطى
أجرة
للمؤذنين،
وأول
من
وُّليَ
الخلافة
في
حياة
أمه،
وأول من
اتخذ
صاحب
شرطة.
وقد
شهد
المشاهد
كلها
مع
النبي
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
إلا
بدرًا
لأن
زوجته
رقية
كانت مريضة
فأمره
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
أن
يقيم
بالمدينة
ليمرضها
وعدَّه
الرسول
صلى
الله
عليه وسلم
من
أهل
بدر
وأسهم
له
من
غنائمها.
He, may
Allah raise his rank, was the first to accompany his
family in both migrations; the first one was to Abyssinia
(al-Habashah) and the second one was to Madinah. He was
the first to aromatize the mosque with
perfume. He was the first to start the
good innovation of adding the second ‘Adhan in the
Friday Prayer, and this was an innovation of guidance;
which complies with the rules of the
Religion.
He was the first one who
gave salary to the Muezzins (the callers for prayer). He was
the first whom during the lifetime of his mother was
given allegiance for the caliphate and
was the first to appoint police
authority.
He
participated in all of the battles with the Messenger of Allah
sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam, except for Badr, because
his wife Ruqayah was sick. The Prophet
sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam, ordered
him to stay in Madinah to attend to her. However, the
Prophet sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam, counted him among
the people of Badr and gave him a part
of the spoils of the battle.
وقبل
نزول
الوحي
على
النبي
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
تزوج
عثمان
رضي
الله
عنه
ابنة النبي
رقية
وقد
هاجرت
معه
إلى
الحبشة،
وماتت
عنده
في
ليالي
بدر
وهي
التي
ولدت
له عبد
الله
فصار
يكنى
بأبي
عبد
الله
بعد
أن
يكنى
بأبي
عَمْرو،
ثم
زوّجه
النبي
صلى
الله
عليه وسلم
من
ابنته
أم
كلثوم
وبقيت
عنده
إلى
أن
ماتت
سنة
تسع
للهجرة،
وﺑﻬذا
سُمّي رضي
الله
عنه
بذي
النورين
لأنه
تزوج
ابنتي
رسول
الله
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم.
Before the
Revelation came down on the Prophet sallallahu
^alayhi wa sallam, ^Uthman, may Allah raise his rank
married Ruqayah; the daughter of the
Prophet and she migrated with him to
Abyssinia (al-Habashah). She died while he was at her side
during the nights of Badr. She was the one who gave birth
to his son ^Abdullah, so he was
nicknamed then Abi ^Abdillah afterbeing nick-named Abi ^Amru.
Then the Prophet had him marry Umm Kulthum and she stayed
with him until she died in 9 AH That is why he became to
be nicknamed Dhi-Nurayn (This nick
name means double virtue) because he
married the two daughters of the Messenger of Allah
sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam, Ruqayah and Umm-Kulthum.
ذكر
خلافته:
بعد
دفن
عمر
بن
الخطاب
رضي
الله
عنه
بثلاث
ليال
بويع
سيدنا
عثمان
بن
عفان رضي
الله
عنه
بالخلافة
يوم
الإثنين
لليلة
بقيت
من
ذي
الحجة
سنة
ثلاث
وعشرين
من الهجرة،
واستقبل
بخلافته
المحرم
سنة
أربع
وعشرين،
وعاش
في
الخلافة
اثنتي
عشرة
سنة، وكان
خاتمه
خاتم
رسول
الله
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
كأبي
بكر
وعمر
رضي
الله
عنهم.
He was
given allegiance for the caliphate three nights after the
burial of ^Umar Ibnul Khattab on the last night of
Dhil-Hijjah in 23 AH. So he was a
caliph when Muharram of 24 AH started.
His caliphate lasted twelve years. The ring he wore was the ring
of the Prophet sallallahu ^alayhi
wa sallam, just as Abu Bakr and ^Umar
may Allah raise their rank.
ذكر
صفاته
الخلقية:
كان
رضي
الله
عنه
رَبْعَة
أي
معتدل
القامة
ليس
طوي
ً
لا
ولا
قصيرًا,
حسن
الوجه، أبيض
مشربًا
بحمرة،
رقيق
البشرة،
عظيم
الكراديس
أي
مفاصل
عظامه
كانت
عظيمة، بعيد
ما
بين
المنكبين،
كثير
شعر
الرأس،
عظيم
اللحية.
^Uthman
Ibn ^Affan was of medium height. His face was
beautiful, white with hints of redness. His skin was
soft, his joints were big. He had a
wide area between his shoulders. The
hair on his head was heavy, he had a heavy beard as well.
نبذة
من
شمائله
وفضائله:
لقد
جعل
كثير
من
أهل
التراجم
والسير
فصو
ً
لا
تتناول
مناقبه
رضي
الله
عنه
حتى
إن الترمذي
رحمه
الله
ألَّفَ
كتابًا
خاصًا
ِبهِ
سَمَّاهُ
"مناقب
عثمان".
The
biographers and historians wrote many chapters about the
traits and virtues of our Master ^Uthman may Allah raise
his rank among them was at-Tirmidhiyy
in his book “Manaqib ^Uthman”.
وعن
عائشة
رضي
الله
عنها
قالت:
كنت
عند
النبي
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
فقال:
يا
عائشة لو
كان
عندنا
من
يحدثنا.
قالت:
قلت
يا
رسول
الله
ألا
أبعث
إلى
أبي
بكر
؟
فسكت
.
ثم قال
:
لو
كان
عندنا
من
يحدثنا
فقلت:ألا
أبعث
إلى
عمر؟
فسكت.
قالت
ثم
دعا
وصيًفا
بين يديه
فسارّه
فذهب.
قالت:
فإذا
عثمان
يستأذن،
فأذن
له،
فدخل
فناجاه
النبي
صلى
الله
عليه وسلم
طوي
ً
لا
ثم
قال:
يا
عثمان
إن
الله
عزّ
وجل
مقمصك
قميصًا
(
أي
الخلافة)
فإذا
أرادك المنافقون
على
أن
تخلعه
فلا
تخلعه
لهم
ولا
كرامة.
يقولها
له
مرتين
او
ثلاًثا.
رواه
ابن
ماجة والترمذي
وأحمد
في
السند.
^A’ishah
may Allah raise her rank said: (Once I was with the
Prophet sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam he said: “O
^A’ishah I wish
we had
someone with us to talk to.”
I said, “shall I call Abu-
Bakr ?”
The Prophet paused then said, “I
wish we had someone
with us
to talk to.” I said, “shall I call ^Umar?”,
he paused again then he called his
servant and talked to him in private
after which the servant left.
Soon
after ^Uthman came asking for
permission to enter, the Prophet let him in. He had a long
private talk with him then he said
what means: “O ^Uthman Allah the
Exalted will give you the Caliphate, so if
the hypocrites were to push you to
surrender it, in no means you would do so.”
He repeated that three times.) This
was related by Ibn Majah, at-Tirmidhiyy,
and Ahmad in as-Sanad.
وروى
ابن
الجوزي
عن
أبي
موسى
الأشعري
رضي
الله
عنه
أنه
كان
مع
النبي
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
في
حائط
من
حيطان
المدينة
فجاء
رجل
يستفتح،
فقال
النبي:
"افتح
له
وبشره
بالجنة"
ففتحت
فإذا
أبو
بكر
فبشرته
بالجنة،
ثم
استفتح
رجل
ءاخر
فقال:
"
افتح
وبشره
بالجنة"
فإذا
عمر
ففتحت
وبشرته
بالجنة،
ثم
استفتح
رجل
ءاخر
وكان
متكًئا،
فجلس
فقال:
"
افتح
له
وبشّره
بالجنة
على
بلوى
تصيبه"
فإذا
عثمان
ففتحت
له
وبشّرته
بالجنة
فأخبرته
بالذي
قال،
فقال"
:الله
المستعان"
Ibn al-Jawzziyy
relayed from the route of Abu Musa al-Ash^ariyy
may Allah raise his rank, that he was with the Prophet
sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam within some of the walls of Madinah. A
man then came asking for permission to enter, the Prophet
said:
“Open for him and pass him
the good news that he
has earned
Paradise”,
I opened the door and it was Abu Bakr, I told him
what the Prophet has just said, then another man approached
asking for permission to enter.
The Prophet said: “Open
for him and pass him the good news that he has earned
Paradise”.
I opened the door to find ^Umar. I told him what the Prophet
has just said. Then another man came asking to enter. The
Prophet, he at upright from his lean and said: “Open
for
him and
pass him the good news that he has earned Paradise by a calamity
which will inflict him”.
I opened to find ^Uthman and I told him
what the Prophet has just said. He said: “Allah is the one whom I
ask support from.”
وأخرج
البخاري
في
فضائل
الصحابة
ومسلم
والترمذي
وأبو
داود
والنسائي
وابن
ماجة
وأحمد
بن
حنبل
أن
جبل
ُأحُد
ارتجَّ
وعليه
النبي
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
وأبو
بكر
وعمر
وعثمان
رضي
الله
عنهم،
فقال
النبي
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم:
"اسكن
ُأحد،
فما
عليك
إلا
نبي
وصدّيق
وشهيدان".
Al-Bukhariyy
related in “Fada’il as-Sahabah”, as did Muslim, at-Tirmidhiyy,
Abu Dawud, an-Nasa’iyy, Ibn Majah and Ahmad Ibn
Hanbal that once Prophet Muhammad was on the mountain
of Uhud with Abu Bakr, ^Umar, and ^Uthman when the
mountain trembled. The Prophet said: “Be
quiet Uhud, there
is a
prophet, a siddiq (higly ranked righteous person) and two martyrs on
you right now.”
وفي
تاريخ
ابن
عساكر
عن
أبي
سعيد
الخدري
رضي
الله
عنه
قال:
رأيت
رسول
الله
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
من
أول
الليل
إلى
أن
طلع
الفجر
رافعًا
يديه
يدعو
لعثمان
"
اللَّهُمَّ
عثمان
رضيت
عنه
فارض
عنه".
Ibn ^Asakir
mentioned in his “Tarikh” from the route of Abi Sa^id al-Khidriyy
may Allah raise his rank that he said: “I saw the
Messenger of Allah sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam raising his hands from
the beginning of the night until dawn supplicating Allah for
^Uthman saying: “O Allah I am
pleased with ^Uthman
so reward
him and raise his rank.”
وروى
الحافظ
أبو
نعيم
الأصفهاني
في
كتابه
"حلية
الأولياء"
عن
أبي
هريرة
رضي
الله
عنه
قال:
"اشترى
عثمان
بن
عفان
من
رسول
الله
الجنة
مرتين،
حين
حفر
بئر
رومة
وحين
جهز
جيش
العسرة".
وكانت
بئر
رومة
يباع
u1605
ماؤها
فاشتراها
عثمان
رضي
الله
عنه
وحفرها
وجعلها
عامة
للمسلمين.
ولا
تزال
إلى
الان
معروفة
في
المدينة
المنورة.
وتفصيل
حادثة
تجهيز
جيش
العسرة
في
ما
رواه
الترمذي
عن
عبد
الرحمن
بن
خباب
السلمي
قال:
خطب
النبي
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
فحث
على
جيش
العسرة
فقال
عثمان:
عََليَّ
مائة
بعير
بأحلاسها
وأقتاﺑﻬا،
ثم
حَثَّ،
فقال
عثمان:
عََليَّ
مائة
اخرى
بأحلاسها
وأقتاﺑﻬا.
قال
السُّلميُّ:
فرأيت
النبي
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
يقول
بيده
يحركها:
"ما
على
عثمان
ما
عمل
بعد
هذا".
معنى
أحلاسها:
كساء
رقيق.
Hafidh Abu
Nu^aym al-Asfahaniyy related in his book “Hulyat al-Awliya’”
from the route of Abi Hurayrah that he said:
“^Uthman
has earned Paradise twice by the call of the Messenger
of Allah, once when he dug the well of Rumah, and once when
he supplied the Army of al-^Usrah.” The water
coming out of the well of Rumah used to be sold to Muslims, ^Uthman
bought it, dug it, and made it for public use for
Muslims.
The
details about the event of preparing the Army of al-^Usrah is what
at-Tirmidhiyy relayed from the route of ^Abdur-Rahman as-Sulamiyy,
who said what means: “Prophet Muhammad sallallahu
^alayhi wa sallam delivered a meaningful speech and urged
people to support the army of al-^Usrah, ^Uthman said, “I
would
donate one hundred camels with their finest dress.”
Prophet
Muhammad urged the people again, ^Uthman said, “I
would
donate one hundred camels with their finest dress.”
As- Sulamiyy
said: I saw the Prophet after that waving his hand while
saying what means: “^Uthman has
earned himself a high
status by
what he did today, he has earned Paradise with this great
deed.”
وأخرج
صاحب
"حلية
الأولياء"
عن
الشعبي
عن
مسروق
عن
عبد
الله
بن
مسعود
قال:
رأى
رسول
الله
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
عثمان
بن
عفان
يوم
جيش
العسرة
جائيًا
وذاهبًا
فقال:
"
اللَّهُمَّ
اغفر
لعثمان
ما
أقبل
وما
أدبر،
وما
أخفى
وما
أعلن،
وما
أسر
وما
أجهر".
The author
of Hulyat al-Awliya’” related from the route of Masruq
from the route of Ibn Masud, he said: “The Messenger of Allah
saw ^Uthman on the day of the Army of al-^Usrah coming and
going (i.e. he was working hard on helping to prepare
and supply the army).
He said “O
Allah, forgive what
^Uthman
might commit and what he had committed the past, what he
has hidden, and what he did openly.”
كما
روى
الطبراني
عن
ابن
عمر
أنه
قال:
قال
رسول
الله
صلى
عليه
وسلم:"
عثمان
أحيا
أمتي
و
أكرمها".
Also At-Tabaraniyy
related from the route of Ibn ^Umar, that
The
Messenger of Allah sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam said:
“^Uthman
The most bashful and honored person in my nation.”
قال
الإمام
علي
بن
أبي
طالب
رضي
الله
عنه :
كان
عثمان
من
الذين
:ءامَنُوْا
وَعَمُِلوْا
الصَّالِحَاتِ
ُثمَّ
اتََّقوْا
وَّءامَنُوْا
ُثمَّ
اتََّقوْا
وََّأحْسَنُوْا
وَاللهُ
يُحِبُّ
الْمُحْسِِنينَ)
سورة
المائدة
(
/
93
.
ذكره
الأصفهاني
في
"حلية
الأولياء".
Imam ^Aliyy
may Allah raise his rank praised our Master ^Uthman by
classifying him among those who were praised in the Qur’an
in Verse 93 of Surat al-Ma’idah:
ءامَنُوْا
وَعَمُِلوْا
الصَّالِحَاتِ
ُثمَّ
اتََّقوْا
وَّءامَنُوْا
ُثمَّ
اتََّقوْا
وََّأحْسَنُوْا
وَاللهُ
يُحِبُّ
الْمُحْسِِنينَ) .
سورة
المائدة
(
/
93
Which
means: “Those who believed, did
the good deeds, were
God-fearing, and did goodness. And Allah loves those who do goodness.”
وروى
الإمام
أحمد
رضي
الله
عنه
عن
رُهَيْمَة
جدة
الزبير
بن
عبد
الله
أﻧﻬا
قالت: "كان
عثمان
يصوم
الدهر
ويقوم
الليل
إلا
هجعة
من
أوله."
Imam Ahmad
narrated from the route of Ruhaymah, the
grandmother of az-Zubayr the son of ^Abdillah, that she said: “^Uthman
used to fast all of his lifetime and to pray at night except the
beginning of the night, when he sleeps for a short while”
وقال
ابن
سيرين
رحمه
الله:
"قالت
امراءة
عثمان
بن
عفان
رضي
الله
عنه
حين
أطافوا
يريدون
قتله:
إن
تقتلوه
أو
تتركوه
فقد
كان
يحيي
الليل
كله
في
ركعة
يجمع
فيها
القرءان"
رواه
ابن
الجوزي.
Ibn Sirin
may Allah endows His Mercy on him said: “When they were
going around inside the house of ^Uthman to kill him, his wife
said: Whether you would kill him, or would leave him; he used to
recite the whole Qur’an in one rak^ah throughout the entire
night.”
وأخرج
ابن
عساكر
عن
عبد
الرحمن
بن
مهدي
قال:
خصلتان
لعثمان
ليستا
لأبي
بكر
ولا
لعمر
رضي
الله
عنهم:
صبره
على
نفسه
حتى
قُتِ
َ
ل
مظلومًا،
وجمعه
الناس
على
المصحف.
Ibn ^Asakir
related that ^Abdur-Rahman the son of Mahdi said: “Two
traits were given to ^Uthman which were neither given to Abu Bakr
nor to ^Umar: His patience with what he was inflicted with until
he was killed unjustly, and his gathering the people on the Mus-haf.”
تواضعه:
إضافة
إلى
ما
اجتمع
في
سيدنا
عثمان
رضي
الله
عنه
من
الخصال
المرضية
والصفات
السَِّنيَّة
من
حلم
وعلم
وكرم
وجود
وحياء
وصفاء
وورع
وزهد،
كان
من
أشد
الناس
تواضعًا.
أخرج
ابن
سعد
عن
عبد
الله
الرومي
قال:
كان
عثمان
يلي
وضوء
الليل
بنفسه،
فقيل
له:
لو
أمرت
بعض
الخدم
فكفوك،
قال:
لا،
الليل
لهم
يستريحون
فيه.
In
addition to the good and praised traits, ^Uthman had like: tolerance,
clemency (mercy) and knowledge, generosity,
bashfulness, purity; and that he was God-fearing and detached from the
worldly interests. He was among the most humble people.
Ibn Sa^d
related from the route of ^Abdullah ar-Rumiyy that he said: ^Uthman
used to prepare at night his own water for ablution (wudu’).
When asked why doesn’t he ask his servants to do it
for him, he said: “No, night-time is for them to rest.”
وروى
الإمام
أحمد
أن
الحسن
رضي
الله
عنه
سُئِ
َ
ل
عن
القائلين
بالمسجد
–
أي
الذين
ينامون
ويستلقون
في
المسجد
عند
منتصف
النهار
–
فقال:
رأيت
عثمان
بن
عفان
يُقِيلُ
في
المسجد
وهو
يومئذ
خليفة
وأثر
الحصى
بجنبه،
فيقال:
هذا
أمير
المؤمنين،
هذا
أمير
المؤمنين.
Imam Ahmad
related that al-Hasan was asked about those who
sleep and
take nap in the mosque) i.e; those who sleep or lie in
the mosque
in the middle of the day). He said: I saw ^Uthman
Ibn ^Affan
taking a nap in the mosque when he was a caliph, the
stones had
left scars on his body side, people would say: This is
the Amir
of the Believers; this is the Amir of the Believers.
وعن
شرحبيل
بن
مسلم
أنه
قال:
كان
عثمان
رضي
الله
عنه
يُطعم
الناس
طعام
الإمارة
ويَدخل
بيته
فيأكل
الخل
والزيت.
Shrahabil
Ibn Muslim said: ^Uthman used to feed the people the food fit
for royalty and then enters home to eat vinegar and oil.
جمعه
القرءان
الكريم:
ذكر
البخاري
في
صحيحة
مبدأ
أمر
جمع
القرءان
في
مصحف
واحد،
وهو
َأنَّ
َأبا
بكر
الصديق
رضي
الله
عنه
أرسل
إلى
زيد
بن
ثابت،
وهو
من
كتبة
الوحي،
فأتاه
زيد
فإذا
عمر
بن
الخطّاب
رضي
الله
عنه
عنده،
فقال
الصديق
رضي
الله
عنه:
ان
عمر
أتاني
فقال:
إن
القتل
قد
استَحَرَّ
يوم
اليمامة
بُقرَّاء
القرءان
(أي
َ
كُثر)
وإني
أخشى
أن
استحرَّ
القتل
بالقرّاء
بالمواطن
فيذهب
كثير
من
القرءان،
وإني
أرى
أن
تأمر
بجمع
القرءان .فقال
زيد
لعمر
رضي
الله
عنه:
كيف
نفعل
شيًئا
لم
يفعله
رسول
الله
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم،
فقال
عمر
رضي
الله
عنه:
هذا
والله
خير،
قال
زيد:
"فلم
يزل
عمر
يراجعني
حتى
شرح
الله
صدري
لذلك
ورأيت
في
ذلك
الذي
رأى
عمر"
.وتتبع
زيد
بن
ثابت
رضي
الله
عنه
القرءان
فصار
يجمعه
من
العُسُب
واللخاف
–
وهي
الحجارة
البيضاء
الرقيقة
–
وصدور
الناس،
وكانت
في
صحف
عديدة
جمعت
عند
أبي
بكر
رضي
الله
عنه
حتى
توفاه
الله،
ثم
عند
عمر
حتى
توفاه
الله،
ثم
عند
حفصة
بنت
عمر
رضي
الله
عنهما.
Al-Bukhariyy
mentioned in his sahih how the process of
gathering
Qur’an in one Mushaf started. He stated that Abu
Bakr may
Allah raise his rank asked Zayd Ibn Thabit, who was
one of
those who used to write down the Revelation, to come to
him and he
did. When Zayd arrived he saw ^Umar Ibn al-
Khattab
may Allah raise his rank there.
Abu-Bakr
said: “^Umar told me that many of those who recite
Qur’an
were killed in the battle of al-Yamamah, and I am afraid
that if
more and more of those who recite Qur’an are to be killed
then many
of the Qur’an would disappear. I see that you order
the
gathering of the Qur’an.”
To that
Zayd answered: “How are we going to do something
which the
Messenger of Allah sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam did
not do?” ^Umar
said: “I swear by Allah that this is a good thing
to do.”
Zayd said: “^Umar kept on repeating that until Allah
made my
heart pleased with that and I agreed with what he
said.”
Zayd
started the process of gathering the Qur’an from what was
written on
the branches of the palm trees, and on the soft white
rocks and
from what the people had memorized, then it was kept
in several
noble pages, which were kept at Abu Bakr’s place.
After his
death it was kept at ^Umar’s then at the place Hafsah,
the
daughter of ^Umar may Allah raise their rank.
ولمَّا
بويع
عثمان
رضي
الله
عنه
بالخلافة
استشار
الصحابة
فكان
الرأي
أن
يجمع
القرءان في
مصحف
واحد،
فجمع
عثمان
رضي
الله
عنه
عددًا
من
الصحابة،
قال
أبو
داود:
كانوا
اثني
عشر
رج
ً
لا
من
قريش
والأنصار
وكان
بينهم
من
كتب
الوحي،
وأرسل
إلى حفصة
بنت
عمر
رضي
الله
عنها
يطلب
منها
الصحف
التي
جمعها
زيد
بن
ثابت
ثم نسخها
في
كتاب
واحد.
When ^Uthman
Ibn ^Affan may Allah raise his rank was given
allegiance
for the caliphate he consulted the Companions and
they
agreed unanimously on gathering the Qur’an in one
Mus-haf. ^Uthman
gathered some of the Companions, Abu Dawud
said: They were twelve men from Quraysh and al-Ansar,
among them
were some of those who used to write down the
Revelation. He then sent to Hafsah asking her about the noble
pages,
which Zayd Ibn Thabit had gathered and copied in one
book.
وفي
"فتح
الباري"
لابن
حجر
العسقلاني
أن
عثمان
رضي
الله
عنه
قال:
من
أكْتَبُ الناس؟
قالوا:
زيد
بن
ثابت،
قال:
فأي
الناس
أفصح؟
قلوا:
سعيد
بن
العاص،
فقال :َفْليُملْ
سعيد
وليكتب
زيد.
ولمَّا
انتهوا
من
نسخ
المصحف
جعل
منه
نُسخًا
وأرسلها
إلى
الأمصار،
وقد
اختلف في
عدد
النسخ
هذه،
فمنهم
من
قال:
هي
أربعة،
ومنهم
من
قال:
خمسة
وقيل:
ستة وسبعة،
ثم
جمع
ما
سوى
هذه
النسخ
من
القرءان
فأحرقها
وأمر
إلى
أهل
الأمصار
بذلك.
Ibn Hajar
al-^Asqalaniyy mentioned in his book “Fath al-Bari
that ^Uthman
said: “Who is the best one in writing?” They said:
“Zayd Ibn
Thabit”. He said: “Who is the most eloquent one
among the
people?” They said: “Sa^id Ibn al- ^As.” To that he
said: “Let
Sa^id read and Zayd writes down.”
When they
finished of copying the Mus-haf, ^Uthman made
copies of
it and sent them to the countries. Some said they were
four
copies, others said that they were five
copies, some said that they
were six copies, and it was also said seven copies.
He then
gathered other than these copies of the Qur’an and
burned
them, he ordered the people of the countries to do the
same.
وقد
كان
جَمْعُ
عثمان
رضي
الله
عنه
للقرءان
لمّا
كثر
الاختلاف
في
وجوه
القرءات على
اختلاف
لغات
العرب،
فتنازع
أناس
وخطَّأ
بعضهم
بعضًا،
فخشي
من
تفاقم
الأمر في
ذلك
حتى
جمعه
على
لغة
قريش،
ولا
يعني
ذلك
منع
قراءاته
بلغات
العرب
الأخرى وذلك
أنه
جاء
في
صحيح
البخاري
قول
النبي
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم:
"
إن
هذا
القرءان ُأنزل
على
سبعة
أحرف
فاقرءوا
ما
تيسر
منه".
Uthman,
may Allah raise his rank, gathered the Qur’an when
there were
many conflicts about the ways of recitations
depending
on the different languages of the Arabs. People were
at
conflict then, they started accusing one another of being
mistaken.
^Uthman had fear that this issue would be aggravated,
so he
decided to gather it on the language of Quraysh. This does
not mean
that it is prohibited to recite it in other languages of
the Arabs,
because al-Bukhariyy mentioned in his sahih that the
Prophet
sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam said:
"
إن
هذا
القرءان
ُأنزل
على
سبعة
أحرف
فاقرءوا
ما
تيسر
منه"
It means:
“This Qur’an was brought down
with seven
recitations, so recite whatever you can recite of it.”
غزوات
عهده:
غزا
المسلمون
الكثير
من
البلاد
وفتحوها
في
خلافته
رضي
الله
عنه
فتوسعت
ﺑﻬم
بلاد الإسلام،
ومن
هذه
البلاد
التي
افتتحت
جزيرة
قبرص
و
َ
كرْمَاْن
وسِِجسْتَان
وكابُل
وبلاد أخرى
في
أفريقية.
وبعث
رضي
الله
عنه
جيشًا
بأمرة
سلمان
بن
ربيعة
إلى
بلاد
أرمينية
فذهبوا ودخلوا
البلاد،
ثم
غزا
معاوية
بلاد
الروم
حتى
بلغ
عمورية
في
خلافة
عثمان
وكان
عمرو
بن العاص
غزا
طرابلس
الغرب
وحاصرها
شهرًا
وكان
ﺑﻬا
الروم
من
جهة
هرقل.
Muslims
opened many countries during the Caliphate of ^Uthman
Ibn ^Affan,
Muslim lands became wider, among the countries
which were
opened: The Island of Cyprus, Carman, Sijistan,
Kabul, and
some other African countries.
He also
sent an army under the command of Salman Ibn Rabi^ah
to Armenia
and they entered that country. Mu^awiyyah then
invaded
the Roman countries until he reached ^Amuriyyah during
^Uthman’s
Caliphate. ^Amru Ibn al- ^As invaded Tarablus
al-Gharb
and laid siege to it for a month, Romans under the
command of
Heracles were at that time controlling it.
قصة
استشهاده
وما
جرى
عليه:
َلمَّا
تمت
الفتوحات
للأمة
الإسلامية
وقوي
الملك
في
الأمصار
واختلطت
العرب
بالأمم والأقوام
المختلفة
اللغات
وكثر
الطعن
والقيل
والقال
في
المدينة
المنورة
كتب
رؤساء
الفتنة إلى
جماعتهم
في
الأمصار
يستقدمونهم
إلى
المدينة
إرادة
الفتنة
والمكيدة
للخليفة،
فحاصروه
في بيته
أيامًا
وكان
سيدنا
عثمان
رضي
الله
عنه
يقول:
"
إن
رسول
الله
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
عِهدَ إليَّ
عهدًا
فأنا
صابرٌ
عليه"
رواه
الترمذي.
فعن
عائشة
رضي
الله
عنها
َأنَّ
النبي
صلى
الله
عليه
u1608
وسلم
قال:
يا
عثمان
إن
الله
عزّ
وجل مقمصك
قميصًا)
أي
الخلافة
(فإذا
أرادك
المنافقون
على
أن
تخلعه
فلا
تخلعه
لهم
ولا
كرامة
.يقولها
له
مرتين
او
ثلاًثا.
رواه
ابن
ماجة
والترمذي
وأحمد
في
السند.
When the
opening of countries accomplished a wide spread
dominion
for the Muslim nation. Their population strengthened
among the
people and nations of different languages. At the same
time the
slandering and rumors also became widespread in
Madinah.
The leaders of sedition (fitnah) wrote to their fellow
members in
the cities encouraging them to come to Madinah
igniting a
conspiracy against the caliph.
They
surrounded his house several days, at that time ^Uthman
said: “The
Messenger of Allah sallallahu ^alayhi wa sallam has
entrusted
me to be steadfast when this matter happens, so I will
keep on
being patient.”
A’ishah
may Allah raise her rank said that the Prophet sallallahu
^alayhi wa
sallam said what means: “O ^Uthman
Allah the
Exalted
will give you the Caliphate, so if the hypocrites were to
push you
to surrender it, in no means you would do so.”
This was related by
Ibn Majah, at-Tirmidhiyy, and Ahmad in as-Sanad.
فلمّا
بلغ
سيدنا
عليًا
رضي
الله
عنه
أن
أصحاب
الفتنة
حاصروا
عثمان
ومنعوه
الماء وأرادوا
قتله
أرسل
إليه
بثلاث
قرب
مملوءة
بالماء
وقال
للحسن
والحسين:
اذهبا
بسيفكما حتى
تقوما
على
باب
عثمان
فلا
تدعا
أحدًا
يصل
إليه،
وبعث
الزبيرُ
ابنه،
وبعث
طلحُة
ابنه وبعث
عدد
من
الصحابة
أبناءهم
يمنعون
الناس
من
أن
يدخلوا
على
عثمان
رضي
الله
عنه.
When our
Master ^Aliyy, may Allah raise his rank, knew that the
people of
fitnah has surrounded ^Uthman and wanted to kill him,
he sent
him three waterskins filled with water and said to al-Hasan
and al-Husayn:
Go with your swords and stay at his door and do
not let
anybody get to him. Az-Zubayr also sent his son as did
Talhah and
many of the Companions, who sent their sons
preventing
people from entering the house of ^Uthman may Allah
raise his
rank.
ولكن
رجا
ً
لا
من
الذين
أرادوا
بسيدنا
عثمان
شرًا
تَسَوَّروا
من
دار
رجل
من
الأنصار حتى
دخلوا
عليه
وكان
يقرأ
القرءان
وهو
صائم،
فضربه
أحدهم
بالسيف
فأكبَّت
عليه
نائلة زوجته
فقُطِعَت
أصابع
يدها
ولم
يكن
مع
عثمان
رضي
الله
عنه
سواها
بالدار،
فقتل
شهيدًا رضي
الله
تعالى
عنه
يوم
الجمعة
لثمان
عشرة
خلت
من
ذي
الحجة
سنة
خمس
وثلاثين للهجرة،
وعمره
تسعون،
وقيل
أكثر
من
ذلك،
وقيل
أقل،
ودفن
ليلة
السبت
بين
المغرب والعشاء
بمقبرة
البقيع
بالمدينة
المنورة
وصلى
عليه
الزبير.
However,
some men who had evil intentions against ^Uthman
climbed
through the house of a man of al-Ansar and entered the
residence
of ^Uthman after surrounding it. One of them hit him
with a
sword while he was reciting Qur’an and fasting. His wife
Na’ilah
through herself in front of him and her fingers were cut
off. She
was the only person with him in the house at that time, so
he died as
a martyr, may Allah raise his rank on Friday, the 18th of
Dhul-Hijjah in 35 AH at the age of ninety.
It was
also said that he was older than that, and it was said that he
was
younger than that. He was buried in the cemetery of Baqi^ in
Madinah on
the night of Saturday between Maghrib and ^Isha’;
and
az-Zubayr performed the Funeral Prayer for him
قال
عثمان
رضي
الله
عنه
قبل
قتله
إني
رأيت
البارحة
رسول
الله
صلى
الله
عليه
وسلم
في المنام
وأبا
بكر
وعمر
فقالوا
لي:
اصبر
فإنك
تفطر
عندنا
القابلة.
^Uthman
may Allah raise his rank said before he was killed:
“I
saw in my dream last night the Messenger of Allah sallallahu
^alayhi wa
sallam and Abu Bakr and ^Umar and they said to me:
‘Be
patient! You will have your next morning meal with us
tomorrow’.”
وبعد،
فإنما
هذا
غيض
غائض
من
فيض
فائض
من
بحر
فضائل
سيدنا
عثمان
بن
عفان رضي
الله
تعالى
عنه
وأرضاه
وجزاه
عن
الإسلام
والمسلمين
خيرًا،
ونفعنا
ببركته، وحشرنا
في
زمرته،
وأماتنا
على
سنته
ومحبته،
إنه
سبحانه
على
ما
يشاء
قدير،
وبعباده لطيف
خبير.
So, this
was a little of the many virtues of our Master ^Uthman
may Allah
ta^ala raise his rank, and reward him good for what he
did to
Islam and Muslims.
We ask
Allah to benefit us by the virtue of ^Uthman, make us
assembled
with his group on the Day of Judgment, and make us
die on his
way and love. |